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Mind & biases2 MINBrief fileEstablished evidence

Serial-Position Effect

A list has a middle, but memory seems to favor its edges.

01 / SUMMARY

In short

Free recall of lists often favors early items and late items. Primacy and recency reflect different processes and conditions, including rehearsal and delay before recall.

03 / SCENE

In the wild

After hearing fifteen words, people commonly retrieve several from the beginning and end, with more gaps in the middle.

04 / LIMIT

The limit

It does not guarantee that first and last are always remembered or apply identically to every complex sequence.

FINAL NOTE

What remains

Do not bury crucial information in the middle of a long list; repeat it meaningfully or give it its own structure.

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Editorial review: 2026-08-06

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