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Logic & science2 MINBrief fileEstablished evidence

Law of Large Numbers

Stability emerges in the average of many repetitions, not as a debt the next trial must repay.

01 / SUMMARY

In short

Under suitable conditions, the sample average approaches the expected value as observations increase. The law describes convergence of averages, not immediate correction of streaks.

03 / SCENE

In the wild

The proportion of heads from a fair coin tends toward 0.5 over very many tosses, even though short runs are uneven.

04 / LIMIT

The limit

It does not say that after ten heads the next toss must be tails.

FINAL NOTE

What remains

Separate the cumulative behavior of many trials from the next outcome.