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The Hostile Media Effect
“Committed opponents may read the same coverage as biased against their own side.”
01 / SUMMARY
In short
The hostile media effect describes adverse perceptions of shared coverage among people with strong positions. Identification, issue, source, and the actual content moderate the pattern.
03 / SCENE
In the wild
Opposing supporters count identical mentions and both feel the report legitimized the other side too much.
04 / LIMIT
The limit
Finding the effect does not prove neutral coverage or make every criticism of bias imaginary.
FINAL NOTE
What remains
Separate measurable content, prior expectations, and each group's standard of balance.