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Logic & science2 MINBrief fileEstablished evidence

Expected Value

The long-run average can be a number that never occurs in any single play.

01 / SUMMARY

In short

Expected value multiplies each outcome by its probability and adds the products. It summarizes the theoretical average over many repetitions, not a promise about the next one.

03 / SCENE

In the wild

A game pays 10 with probability 0.1 and 0 otherwise: its gross expected value is 1, even though it never pays exactly 1.

04 / LIMIT

The limit

Two options with equal expected value may have very different risks, distributions, and consequences.

FINAL NOTE

What remains

Combine probabilities with consequences, then inspect spread and time horizon too.

Source trail

Editorial review: 2026-08-06

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