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Deliberative Democracy
“Counting votes decides; exchanging reasons can also change what is being decided.”
01 / SUMMARY
In short
Deliberative democracy connects legitimacy with public reasoning, inclusion, and justification among free and equal people. Its versions differ on consensus, conflict, representation, and institutional design.
03 / SCENE
In the wild
A citizens' assembly can hear evidence, face objections, and revise preferences before recommending policy.
04 / LIMIT
The limit
It requires neither endless conversation nor unanimity nor replacing every election with a meeting.
FINAL NOTE
What remains
Judge the outcome and who could speak, which reasons counted, and how disagreement was answered.