FILE SELECTED // FILE 00
The Counterexample Method
“One well-built exception can defeat a universal claim.”
01 / SUMMARY
In short
To refute All X are Y, find an X that is not Y. To show an inference is invalid, construct a case with true premises and a false conclusion.
03 / SCENE
In the wild
The claim all prime numbers are odd falls to 2, which is both prime and even.
04 / LIMIT
The limit
An anecdote does not refute a probabilistic trend; the target must actually be universal.
FINAL NOTE
What remains
Match the force of the counterexample to the exact force of the claim.